Paper Title: TeslaTouch: Electrovibration for Touch Surfaces
Authors: Olivier Bau, Ivan Poupyrev, Ali Israr and Chris Harrison
Authors Bios:
Olivier Bau is currently a PostDoctoral Research Scientist at Disney Research in Pittsburgh in the Interaction Design group. He received his PhD in Computer Science (HCI) at INRIA Saclay.
Ivan Poupyrev is currently a PostDoctoral Research Scientist at Disney Research in Pittsburgh in the Interaction Design group wit Olivier Bau. He is a career researcher in interactive technologies and interface design. His job is to come up with new ideas, concepts and research directions.
Ali Israr has his primary research in haptics. He focusses on understanding the science of touch, incorporating it in applications and interfaces, and then work with business units to commercialize it in emerging technologies.
Chris Harrison is a PhD student in the HCI Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. Currently, Harrison is investigating how to make small devices "big" through novel sensing technologies and interaction techniques. Designers have yet to figure out a good way to miniaturize devices without simultaneously shrinking their interactive surfaces.
Presentation Venue: This paper was presented at UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23rd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology in New York
Summary:
Hypothesis: In this paper, the authors present a new technology for enhancing touch interfaces with tactile feedback. The proposed technology is based on the electrovibration principle, does not use any moving parts and provides a wide range of tactile feedback sensations to fingers moving across a touch surface.
The authors present an alternative approach for creating tactile interfaces for touch surfaces that does not use any form of mechanical actuation. Instead, the proposed technique exploits the principle of electrovibration, which allows us to create a broad range of tactile sensations by controlling electrostatic friction between an instrumented touch surface and the user's fingers. When combined with an input-capable interactive display, it enables wide variety of interactions augmented with tactile feedback.
The authors propose that there are four-fold contributions of this paper:
1) The principles and implementation of electrovibration-based tactile feedback for touch surfaces
2) They report the results of three controlled psychophysical experiments and a subjective user evaluation, which describe and characterize user's perception of this technology
3) The authors analyze and compare their design to traditional mechanical vibrotactile displays and highlight their relative advantages and disadvantages
4) They explore the interaction design space
How the hypothesis was tested:
To investigate the tactile properties of our approach, the authors combined it with a specific input-tracking technique: a diffuse illumination-based multitouch setup.
The authors performed multiple experiments to test their hypothesis:
Subjective Evaluation of TeslaTouch: 10 participants felt four TeslaTouch textures produced by four frequency-amplitude combinations: 80Hz and 400Hz each at 80 and 115 Vpp. These frequencies were perceptually distinct as they represent two ends of our test frequency range.
For each texture, participants filled out a three-section questionnaire. The first sectioned asked participants to describe each sensation in their own words. The second section introduced 11 nouns and asked participants to select nouns that described the tactile sensations as closely as possible.
Results: Low frequency stimuli were perceived as rougher compared to high frequencies. They were often likened to "wood" and "bumpy leather" versus "paper" and a "painted wall" for higher frequency stimuli.
Psychophysics of TeslaTouch: In this experiment, the participants stood in front of the interactive touch table instrumented with TeslaTouch tactile feedback. They were requested to wear an electrostatic ground strap on their dominant forearm and slide the pad of their index finger on the interactive surface. All participants completed detection threshold experiments before discrimination threshold experiments. In the absolute detection threshold experiments, participants were presented with two equally sized areas marked with letter A and B separated by a cardboard piece. Participants had eight seconds to compare areas A and B and respond by clicking a mouse button.
Ten right-handed participants took part in the detection threshold experiments. They conducted between 50 and 100 trials for each of the five reference frequencies.
Results: The detection and discrimination thresholds were analyzed across frequencies using repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction for univariate analysis.
Absolute Detection Thresholds: The absolute detection thresholds for five reference frequencies are shown in Figure 7. There was a statistically significant effect of frequency on the threshold levels indicating that the threshold levels depend on the stimulus frequency.
Frequency Discrimination Thresholds: The effect of frequency of frequency on JND was statistically significant. Post-hoc comparison divided the frequency range into two groups.
Amplitude Discrimination Thresholds: The amplitude JNDs are presented as a function of reference frequency. The amplitude HNDs are also defined in dB units relative to the reference voltage. The ANOVA analysis failed to show significant effect of frequency on the amplitude JND indicating that the JND of 1.16 dB remains constant across all tested frequencies, thus obeying Weber's law.
Discussion:
Effectiveness: This paper introduced TeslaTouch: a new technology for tactile display based on electrovibration. This technology can be adapted to a wide range of input tracking strategies, and can be used in many applications. Four experiments were conducted to characterize users' perception of TeslaTouch, providing a foundation for designing effective tactile sensations. A comparison between mechanical actuation and electrovibration led to an overview of the TeslaTouch applications design space.
Reasons for being Interesting: I really found this paper cool because of the unique quality of TeslaTouch; only fingers in motions are stimulated. Therefore, it allows for multitouch tactile feedback so long as at each moment only one finger is moving on the surface.
Authors: Olivier Bau, Ivan Poupyrev, Ali Israr and Chris Harrison
Authors Bios:
Olivier Bau is currently a PostDoctoral Research Scientist at Disney Research in Pittsburgh in the Interaction Design group. He received his PhD in Computer Science (HCI) at INRIA Saclay.
Ivan Poupyrev is currently a PostDoctoral Research Scientist at Disney Research in Pittsburgh in the Interaction Design group wit Olivier Bau. He is a career researcher in interactive technologies and interface design. His job is to come up with new ideas, concepts and research directions.
Ali Israr has his primary research in haptics. He focusses on understanding the science of touch, incorporating it in applications and interfaces, and then work with business units to commercialize it in emerging technologies.
Chris Harrison is a PhD student in the HCI Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. Currently, Harrison is investigating how to make small devices "big" through novel sensing technologies and interaction techniques. Designers have yet to figure out a good way to miniaturize devices without simultaneously shrinking their interactive surfaces.
Presentation Venue: This paper was presented at UIST '10 Proceedings of the 23rd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology in New York
Summary:
Hypothesis: In this paper, the authors present a new technology for enhancing touch interfaces with tactile feedback. The proposed technology is based on the electrovibration principle, does not use any moving parts and provides a wide range of tactile feedback sensations to fingers moving across a touch surface.
The authors present an alternative approach for creating tactile interfaces for touch surfaces that does not use any form of mechanical actuation. Instead, the proposed technique exploits the principle of electrovibration, which allows us to create a broad range of tactile sensations by controlling electrostatic friction between an instrumented touch surface and the user's fingers. When combined with an input-capable interactive display, it enables wide variety of interactions augmented with tactile feedback.
The authors propose that there are four-fold contributions of this paper:1) The principles and implementation of electrovibration-based tactile feedback for touch surfaces
2) They report the results of three controlled psychophysical experiments and a subjective user evaluation, which describe and characterize user's perception of this technology
3) The authors analyze and compare their design to traditional mechanical vibrotactile displays and highlight their relative advantages and disadvantages
4) They explore the interaction design space
How the hypothesis was tested:
To investigate the tactile properties of our approach, the authors combined it with a specific input-tracking technique: a diffuse illumination-based multitouch setup.
The authors performed multiple experiments to test their hypothesis:
Subjective Evaluation of TeslaTouch: 10 participants felt four TeslaTouch textures produced by four frequency-amplitude combinations: 80Hz and 400Hz each at 80 and 115 Vpp. These frequencies were perceptually distinct as they represent two ends of our test frequency range.
For each texture, participants filled out a three-section questionnaire. The first sectioned asked participants to describe each sensation in their own words. The second section introduced 11 nouns and asked participants to select nouns that described the tactile sensations as closely as possible.
Results: Low frequency stimuli were perceived as rougher compared to high frequencies. They were often likened to "wood" and "bumpy leather" versus "paper" and a "painted wall" for higher frequency stimuli.
Psychophysics of TeslaTouch: In this experiment, the participants stood in front of the interactive touch table instrumented with TeslaTouch tactile feedback. They were requested to wear an electrostatic ground strap on their dominant forearm and slide the pad of their index finger on the interactive surface. All participants completed detection threshold experiments before discrimination threshold experiments. In the absolute detection threshold experiments, participants were presented with two equally sized areas marked with letter A and B separated by a cardboard piece. Participants had eight seconds to compare areas A and B and respond by clicking a mouse button.
Ten right-handed participants took part in the detection threshold experiments. They conducted between 50 and 100 trials for each of the five reference frequencies.
Results: The detection and discrimination thresholds were analyzed across frequencies using repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction for univariate analysis.
Absolute Detection Thresholds: The absolute detection thresholds for five reference frequencies are shown in Figure 7. There was a statistically significant effect of frequency on the threshold levels indicating that the threshold levels depend on the stimulus frequency.
Frequency Discrimination Thresholds: The effect of frequency of frequency on JND was statistically significant. Post-hoc comparison divided the frequency range into two groups.
Amplitude Discrimination Thresholds: The amplitude JNDs are presented as a function of reference frequency. The amplitude HNDs are also defined in dB units relative to the reference voltage. The ANOVA analysis failed to show significant effect of frequency on the amplitude JND indicating that the JND of 1.16 dB remains constant across all tested frequencies, thus obeying Weber's law.
Discussion:
Effectiveness: This paper introduced TeslaTouch: a new technology for tactile display based on electrovibration. This technology can be adapted to a wide range of input tracking strategies, and can be used in many applications. Four experiments were conducted to characterize users' perception of TeslaTouch, providing a foundation for designing effective tactile sensations. A comparison between mechanical actuation and electrovibration led to an overview of the TeslaTouch applications design space.
Reasons for being Interesting: I really found this paper cool because of the unique quality of TeslaTouch; only fingers in motions are stimulated. Therefore, it allows for multitouch tactile feedback so long as at each moment only one finger is moving on the surface.
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